{"id":222,"date":"2015-06-04T09:00:06","date_gmt":"2015-06-04T00:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/wordpress_eng\/?p=222"},"modified":"2020-01-31T13:16:08","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T04:16:08","slug":"the-management-of-documents-including-a-500-year-old-document-at-toji-in-medieval-times","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/?p=222","title":{"rendered":"The management of documents (including a 500-year-old document) at Toji in medieval times"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Hozo<\/a>
Item (14) of Box-ko, \u201cHozo Hason Monjo-nado Shoshutsu-nikki,\u201d July 14, 1402<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The document above is a record of documents removed from the treasure house for restoration work in 1402, around the middle of the Muromachi period. The document reveals that six documents and a bound book were removed from the treasure house. One of the six documents was \u201cShobo-betto Bunin-kanpu (\u8056\u5b9d\u5225\u5f53\u88dc\u4efb\u5b98\u7b26),\u201d an official document appointing Shobo, a monk who founded Daigo-ji Temple, to a position called bonso-betto (\u51e1\u50e7\u5225\u5f53, head monk) of Toji in 902. Toji had preserved this 500-year-old document and restored it for future use. Toji had a strict management system to preserve and utilize its documents.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Toji had internal monastic organizations with names mostly ending in \u201c-kata (\u65b9),\u201d including Nijuikku-kuso-kata (\u5eff\u4e00\u53e3\u4f9b\u50e7\u65b9) and Chinjuhachimangu-kata (\u93ae\u5b88\u516b\u5e61\u5bae\u65b9). They functioned as semi-independent organizations while also serving as units of one large temple, Toji. Each monastic organization issued not only documents directly related to Buddhism, including Buddhist sutras and documents concerning rituals, but also a great deal of documents related to the operation and management of the organization, including documents about manors, which provided major financial resources for the execution of Buddhist services, and meeting minutes, referred to as hyojo-hikitsuke (\u8a55\u5b9a\u5f15\u4ed8).
\nMost of the documents were housed in the library of Sai-in Mieido (\u897f\u9662\u5fa1\u5f71\u5802), a temple famous for its association with Kukai (\u7a7a\u6d77), also known as Kobo-daishi (\u5f18\u6cd5\u5927\u5e2b). The bugyo (\u5949\u884c, also called nengyoji or nenyo), who directed the clerical operations of a monastic organization, was solely responsible for the management of documents. The bugyo\u2019s work included signing official documents issued by the organization, drawing up anmon (manuscript copies) and hyojo-hikitsuke, and listing documents brought by other monastic organizations or institutions.
\nDocument storage boxes of each monastic organization were housed in the library of Sai-in. Although its number varied according to the period, there were a large number of document storage boxes including the following:<\/p>\n

Shomon Jo Kawako (\u6b63\u6587\u4e0a\u76ae\u5b50)
\nShomon Ge Kawako (\u6b63\u6587\u4e0b\u76ae\u5b50)
\nNijuikku-kata Kawako (\u5eff\u4e00\u53e3\u65b9\u76ae\u5b50)
\nNijuikku-kata Daiichi-bako (\u5eff\u4e00\u53e3\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bb1)
\nNijuikku-kata Daini-bako (\u5eff\u4e00\u53e3\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bb1)
\nNijuikku-kata Daisan-bako (\u5eff\u4e00\u53e3\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bb1)
\nNijuikku-kata Daiyon-bako (\u5eff\u4e00\u53e3\u65b9\u7b2c\u56db\u7bb1)
\nJuhakku-kata Kawako (\u5341\u516b\u53e3\u65b9\u76ae\u5b50)
\nOyama Bako (\u5927\u5c71\u7bb1)
\nKamikatsura Bako (\u4e0a\u6842\u7bb1)
\nTara-no-sho Daiichi Kawako (\u592a\u826f\u5e84\u7b2c\u4e00\u76ae\u5b50)
\nTara-no-sho Daiichi-bako (\u592a\u826f\u5e84\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bb1)
\nTara-no-sho Daini-bako (\u592a\u826f\u5e84\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bb1)
\nGakushu-kata Daiichi-bako (\u5b66\u8846\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bb1)
\nGakushu-kata Daini-bako (\u5b66\u8846\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bb1)
\nKuze-kata Bako (\u4e45\u4e16\u65b9\u7bb1)
\nKishinden Jo Bako (\u5bc4\u9032\u7530\u4e0a\u7bb1)
\nKishinden Chu Bako (\u5bc4\u9032\u7530\u4e2d\u7bb1)
\nKishinden Ge Bako (\u5bc4\u9032\u7530\u4e0b\u7bb1)
\nUkebumi Bako (\u8acb\u6587\u7bb1)
\nZoei-kata Bako (\u9020\u55b6\u65b9\u7bb1)
\nSoji-kata Bako (\u6383\u9664\u65b9\u7bb1)
\nShibuhari Bako (\u30b7\u30d6\u30cf\u30ea\u7bb1)
\n*Restored from \u201cSai-in Monjo Suito-cho (\u897f\u9662\u6587\u66f8\u51fa\u7d0d\u5e33)\u201d (Item (19) of Tenchi-no-bu<\/a>, Item (86) of Box-kyo<\/a>, Item (94) of Box-ri<\/a>, Item (30) of Box-na<\/a>, Item (43) of Box-a<\/a>, Item (55) of Box-a<\/a>, Item (111) of Box-sa<\/a>, Item (113) of Box-sa<\/a>, and Item (126) of Box-sa<\/a>). These documents contain information about the 15th and 16th centuries.<\/p>\n

\"Gakushu-kata<\/a>
Item (63) of Box-mu, \u201cGakushu-kata Daiichi-bako Jusho-mokuroku,\u201d September 6, 1447<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The document above is a catalog of the contents of \u201cGakushu-kata Daiichi-bako (the first box of Gakushu-kata),\u201d which appears in the list mentioned earlier. The catalog includes 27 items, the first 14 items of which appear to have been stored in a wicker basket as specially valued treasures. The first volume of \u201cGo-Uda-in Shikajo Gokishin Gokisho-fu (\u5f8c\u5b87\u591a\u9662\u56db\u30f6\u5e84\u5fa1\u5bc4\u9032\u5fa1\u8d77\u8acb\u7b26)\u201d listed at the top of the catalog was separately stored in another box. The documents listed in this catalog were important certificates of land rights, which are described as \u201cjusho (\u91cd\u66f8, important documents)\u201d in the first line of the document.<\/p>\n

\"Gakushu-kata<\/a>
Item (243) of Box-me, \u201cGakushu-kata Daini-bako Shonou Jusho-mokuroku,\u201d September 6, 1447<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The document above is also a catalog of the contents of \u201cGakushu-kata Daini-bako (the second box of Gakushu-kata).\u201d The catalog includes \u201cGakushu Monjo-ko-mokuroku Ikkan (the first volume of old catalogs of documents of Gakushu-kata),\u201d indicating that Gakushu-kata had already been managing their documents by cataloging since even earlier times.<\/p>\n

The bugyo of each monastic organization kept its important documents in special document storage boxes called tefumibako (\u624b\u6587\u7bb1) and kept them close at hand. The tefumibako were handed over to the next bugyo when the previous bugyo had served out his one-year term of service. The document below, referred to as soshin-jo, contains information about items handed over to the new bugyo. According to the document, the key and chain to lock the treasure house and keys to Yotsuashi Gate and Nishi Gate, which opened into passages to Mieido, were handed over to the new bugyo with the tefumibako. Although there were monks called sanshonin and kadosashi who controlled entry to and exit from the library and the gates, the keys to these facilities were under the control of the bugyo. This indicates how significant the bugyo\u2019s duty as a manager of documents was considered. The document is dated December 29. The tefumibako and necessary items of Nijjuikku-kata were handed over to the new bugyo at the end of the year, and the position of the bugyo was officially transferred in the new year.<\/p>\n

\"Nijuikku-kata<\/a>
Item (200) of Box-a, \u201cNijuikku-kata Tefumibako Soshin-jo,\u201d December 29, 1445<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Nijuikku-kata<\/a>
Item (219) of Box-re, \u201cNijuikku-kata Tefumibako Soshin-jo,\u201d December 29, 1494<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The document above is a soshin-jo drawn up 50 years after Item (200) of Box-a. The document reveals that the number of tefumibako of Nijuikku-kata had increased from 9 to 14.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The document above is a record of documents removed from the treasure house for restoration work in 1402, around the middle of the Muromachi period. The document reveals that six documents and a bound book were removed from the treasure house. One of the six documents was \u201cShobo-betto Bunin-kanpu (\u8056\u5b9d\u5225\u5f53\u88dc\u4efb\u5b98\u7b26),\u201d an official document appointing Shobo, … Continue reading The management of documents (including a 500-year-old document) at Toji in medieval times<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-stories"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=222"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/222\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1092,"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/222\/revisions\/1092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hyakugo.pref.kyoto.lg.jp\/eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}